When you're under the gun to tune a three-mode pH controller, relying on guesswork and continuous adjustment can be stressful and downright futile. But, it doesn't have to be this way.
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The challenges
Meet the challenge
- The volume should provide five minutes of holdup for soluble reagents, such as caustic, and 20 minutes for slurries, such as lime.
- The dimensions of length, width and depth should be similar.
- Reactants should enter at the top on one side and product should be withdrawn from the bottom of the other, a configuration that minimizes short-circuiting.
- Measure pH at the exit, but still within the mixed volume. If a flowing sample must be withdrawn, keep tubing short and velocity high to minimize dead time.
- Agitate the fluid with a high-speed (no gear reduction) propeller or axial turbine to maximize shear within the vessel. The mixer's pumping rate should be about 10 times the maximum feed rate. Use baffles to avoid vortex formation.
- Injecting reagents at the feed point promotes uniform distribution and mixing. The transfer line from each reagent valve should have a loop seal to prevent it from draining. Flow should start as soon as the valve opens and stop as soon as it closes.
- To avoid releasing off-spec effluent, provide downstream capacity to impound out-of-spec effluent for recycle until it meets specifications.
Valve selection
In many installations, the feed pH oscillates on both sides of neutral and requires both acidic and basic reagents. The pH controller output then must operate the valves in split range, opening the acid valve as output moves from 50 to 100%, and opening the base valve from 50 to 0%output. Because both valves should fail closed, the base valve requires a reverse-acting valve positioner.
Because of the high slope of most titration curves near the neutral range, precise reagent delivery is important. Digital valve positioners are recommended, as they are both fast and precise.
If the feed is delivered by a pump that cycles on and off, configure the system to shut the reagent valves and switch the pH controller to the manual mode when the pump stops. This interlock prevents reagent flow when no feed needs treatment and prepares the system for bumpless return to automatic operation when the pump restarts.
Linearize, linearize, linearize
Use the titration curve to generate equations that linearize the loop in a piecewise manner. This is much easier to do with appropriate software. If you attempt to generate these equations manually, be sure they have a positive slope, so that the controller's action is the same with or without the linearization equations.
Linearizing the loop begins with asking your lab or quality assurance department for a titration curve for the feed material. Use data points from the curve to produce the linearizing equations for the pH signal.
Because the setpoint is the controller's target for the desired pH, both the pH signal and the loop's setpoint must be characterized. Linearizing pH equations assume the pH signal is scaled between 0 and 100%. If the controller had previously been scaled for pH, the controller must be reset. Check to be sure the controller's minimum and maximum are set to 0 and 100%.
The linearized signal is an intermediate calculation that will look like gibberish to operations people. So, don't display it. Instead, display the actual pH signal before it passes through the linearization equations. The same is true with the setpoint entry. The setpoint value must be fed to the linearization equations. The outputs from these equations go to the controller's setpoint, but don't display the actual setpoint because it will appear strange.
PID tuning--the icing on the cake
Induce a brief, intentional bump while operating in either the auto or manual modes. For example, move the setpoint up and then back down. Feed the resulting process data into the analysis software to determine the proper tuning variables. Analysis software lets you perform this test in automatic mode while causing the least amount of loop disturbance.
However, you probably won't have tuning parameters sufficient for the loop to operate in the automatic mode. In this case, with the loop in manual, jog the controller output using a pulse or doublet pulse. For example:
- Let the pH signal stabilize in the manual mode.
- Decrease the controller output by 10%.
- Wait 15 seconds and increase the controller output by 20% of its original value.
- Wait another 15 seconds and decrease the controller output by 10% of its original value. This returns the controller output to where it started.
- Let the pH signal restabilize.
The analysis software processes the data to determine the optimal PID tuning variables. The advantage of this test is that the net change in the amount of reagent added is zero, which results in the smallest possible loop upset.
Greg Shinskey and John Gerry are TITLE with ExperTune, Inc., Hubertus, Wisc. They can be reached at 262-628-0088.
The last step in achieving positive pH control is tuning the PID controller. If the previous steps are done properly, tuning becomes the easy part, especially when using appropriate software.The strongest weapon for managing the extreme non-linearity inherent in pH control is the titration curve. It illustrates how the pH changes as a function of the volume of reagent added. When reagent flow first starts, the pH changes only minimally. This results in a low process gain. But, as more reagent is added, the pH suddenly changes by a large amount, resulting in a high process gain. The titration curve can work with the pH measurement to linearize the loop completely.The reagent valves should be sized to deliver enough flow to neutralize the maximum anticipated load. Although the titration curve is nonlinear, characterizing the reagent valve will not compensate. It should have a linear characteristic.Good pH control starts with good physical design. Several factors must be considered when designing a neutralization vessel:Controlling a neutralization process can be challenging for many reasons. It usually involves mixing two materials having widely different volumes or flow rates. Unless the mixing process is intimate, all bets are off. Probe placement also is critical to getting a meaningful measurement. The product or effluent flow can change radically without notice. The sensitivity of the pH measurement to changes in the manipulated variable (or controller output) is usually extremely non-linear. A small change in the flow of one reagent might cause only a tiny pH change--or it can peg the meter. The whole business can be quite perplexing.